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This image is part of a series that was created for an open textbook, Pulmonary Physiology for Pre-Clinical Students. The textbook will be available Summer 2022.
Preferred citation:
Kindred Grey (2022). "Brainstem respiratory network." CC BY 4.0.
Other contributions to this image:
None
Alternative text:
An outline of the brainstem showing from top to bottom the midbrain, pons, medulla, and spinal cord. Pons: Pneumotaxic center (nucleus parabrachialis medialis) red arrow to apneustic center green arrow into the medulla. Medulla contains the ventral respiratory group and dorsal respiratory group. Ventral respiratory group from top to bottom: rostral connected to nucleus tractus solitaries, intermediate (pre-botzinger) arrow to inspiratory muscles, caudal arrow to expiratory muscles. Dorsal respiratory group: nucleus tractus solitaries with the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves connected at the top and arrow from the bottom to inspiratory muscles.
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